3.12 Where Did Antimatter Go: Non-Equilibrium Freeze-Out and Tensor Bias

Home ／ Chapter 3: Macroscopic Universe

Terminology and Scope:

This section places the origin of the matter–antimatter asymmetry inside the “filament–sea–tensor” picture. In the early universe, the overlapping lifetimes and traction of General Unstable Particles (GUP) collectively shaped the background landscape of Statistical Tensor Gravity (STG). When those particles decayed or annihilated, they returned weak, irregular wave packets to the medium, forming Tensor Background Noise (TBN). From this point forward, the text uses the full terms—General Unstable Particles, Statistical Tensor Gravity, and Tensor Background Noise—without their abbreviations.

I. Phenomenon and Puzzle

• The Universe Is Almost Entirely Matter:
• Observations reveal no “anti-galaxies” or “anti-clusters,” and we lack the strong annihilation radiation that large matter–antimatter boundaries should produce on cosmic scales.
• Difficulties in the Standard Story:
• If the early universe began with nearly equal amounts of matter and antimatter, then only a minute asymmetry plus non-equilibrium processes could leave a thin “residual matter layer.” Key difficulties remain: Why do we not see large antimatter domains? Why is the residual layer so spatially smooth? Where did the energy released by annihilation go?

II. Mechanism (Non-Equilibrium Freeze-Out + Tensor Bias)

1. Freeze-Out Proceeds as a Front, Not Everywhere at Once:
2. The early universe transitioned from high density and strong tensor curvature to a near-standard plasma not by a uniform “switch,” but through a freeze-out front that advanced in block- and band-like patterns along the tensor network. Inside this front, reactions and transport fell temporarily out of balance. Species that “unlock” first or ride the available channels farther leave a systematic residual.
3. Geometric Selection in Filaments Creates a Subtle Source Bias:
4. In environments with tensor gradients and preferred orientations, thresholds and rates for filament closure, reconnection, and unbinding are not perfectly symmetric for motions aligned with or against the gradient. In particle language, a weak coupling between handedness/orientation and the tensor gradient slightly tilts net generation and survival probabilities for “matter-type loops” versus “antimatter-type loops,” establishing a tiny but coherent bias across the network.
5. Transport Bias: Corridors That Behave Like One-Way Lanes:
6. Statistical Tensor Gravity organizes energy and material into filamentary corridors feeding network nodes. Near the front, antimatter-type loops are more readily pulled into locked cores or high-density nodes, where they annihilate or are swallowed; matter-type loops more easily exit along side corridors and spread into a broad, thin layer. The coupled steps—generation, survival, and outward transport—therefore share the same directional bias.
7. Accounting for Annihilation Energy: Thermal Reservoir + Background Noise:
8. Most intense annihilation occurred in high-density regions and was locally reprocessed into the thermal reservoir. A smaller part returned to the medium as irregular wave packets that accumulated into Tensor Background Noise—broadband, weak, and ubiquitous. As a result, we neither see strong, late-time boundary fireworks today nor lack a quiet, diffuse “noise floor.”
9. Observable Outcome:
   • A thin, smooth matter coating remained on large scales, seeding Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) and subsequent structure growth; subsequent mentions use Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
   • Antimatter was locally annihilated or swallowed in deep wells early, converted into dense energy stores that carry no “matter/antimatter” label.
   • The “thermal ledger” and the “noise ledger” from that era now appear as high initial temperatures and faint, pervasive background striations.

III. Analogy (Everyday Intuition)

Caramel setting on a slight incline:

Caramel on a gently tilted board does not harden all at once. The edges set first, and a front advances inward. Two nearly equal “bead” populations (standing in for matter and antimatter) respond slightly asymmetrically along the front: one tends to get pressed into grooves (falling into deep wells to annihilate or be swallowed), while the other is dragged downslope and spread thin, surviving as a broad film. Heat release and fine textures left by the front’s “press-and-backflow” remain embedded in the slab as thermal memory and subtle grain.

IV. Comparison with Traditional Accounts (Mapping and Added Value)

1. Clear Mapping of Three Elements (Without Proper Names):
   • Violation of number conservation ↔ Under extreme conditions, filament reconnection, closure, and unbinding allow loop-type conversion.
   • Mild symmetry breaking ↔ Weak coupling between torsion-like twists and tensor gradients induces a small imbalance in generation and survival rates for different orientations/handedness.
   • Non-equilibrium ↔ The blockwise advance of the freeze-out front provides the stage on which reaction and transport biases act.
2. Incremental Advantages:
   • Unified-substance viewpoint: Instead of positing a specific “new particle–new interaction,” the explanation arises from an integrated medium–geometry–transport picture that naturally yields a “tiny but systematic” bias.
   • Natural energy bookkeeping: Annihilation energy thermalizes in-situ and partly becomes Tensor Background Noise, explaining the absence of significant late-time annihilation signatures.
   • Spatial smoothness: The corridor–node network of Statistical Tensor Gravity distributes the residual matter more evenly on large scales without requiring separate macroscopic antimatter domains.

V. Testable Predictions and Checks

• P1 | Necessary Absence of Large Antimatter Domains:
• If the residual arose from a non-equilibrium front plus tensor bias, the universe should lack large antimatter regions and their bright boundary signals. All-sky surveys should continue to tighten the upper limits.
• P2 | Weak Co-Variation Between Background Noise and Tensor Terrain:
• The diffuse radio/microwave floor—our view of Tensor Background Noise—should correlate weakly and positively with the large-scale terrain of Statistical Tensor Gravity. Directions aligned with filaments and nodes should show a slight uplift of the floor while remaining smooth.
• P3 | Extremely Low Upper Limits on Spectral Distortions in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB):
• Any statistical after-ringing from early-time back-flow should contribute to μ/y-type distortions below current bounds, near zero yet not strictly zero. More sensitive spectroscopy could push the limits further; subsequent mentions use Cosmic Microwave Background.
• P4 | Subtle Co-Movement in Light-Element and Isotope Abundances:
• Elements relevant to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis—such as He-3 and Li-6/Li-7—may show very weak, co-directed deviations that must be disentangled from later stellar processing.
• P5 | “Noise-First, Gravity-Second” Echoes in Burst Histories:
• In reconstructable high-redshift burst statistics, a slight uplift of the low-frequency/radio noise floor should precede mild deepening of the gravitational terrain (seen via lensing or shear), with a measurable lag.

VI. Mechanism Cheat Sheet (Operational View)

• Source Bias: Within the front, filament geometry plus tensor gradients tilt generation/survival slightly.
• Transport Bias: The corridor–node network moves antimatter more quickly into deep wells (annihilation/swallowing) while spreading matter as a thin layer.
• Energy Accounting: Annihilation energy thermalizes into the reservoir and partly “waves” into Tensor Background Noise, matching today’s diffuse floor.

VII. Conclusion

Non-equilibrium freeze-out coupled with tensor bias offers a natural chain of explanation: the freeze-out front supplies the non-equilibrium stage; geometric selection provides a minuscule but coherent source bias; corridor transport pushes antimatter into deep wells while laying down a thin, widespread matter film; and annihilation energy thermalizes then partially returns as Tensor Background Noise. Therefore, today’s universe—dominated by matter, smooth on large scales, and lacking boundary annihilation signatures—emerges as the expected outcome of non-equilibrium accounting on a tensor-organized terrain. This picture stays consistent with, and testable against, the unified description of General Unstable Particles, Statistical Tensor Gravity, and Tensor Background Noise introduced in Sections 1.10–1.12.